Zida Zopangira Zodzikongoletsera ndi Kafukufuku Woyeserera Wofananira

Chifukwa chakusintha mwachangu kwa moyo wa anthu, makampani opanga zodzoladzola ku China akupita patsogolo. Masiku ano, gulu la "zophatikizira" likukulirakulirabe, zopangira zodzoladzola zikuwonekera bwino, ndipo chitetezo chawo chakhala chofunikira kwambiri kwa ogula. Kuphatikiza pa chitetezo cha zodzoladzola zodzikongoletsera zokha, zida zonyamula katundu zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zodzoladzola zabwino. Ngakhale kuti zodzoladzola zodzikongoletsera zimagwira ntchito yokongoletsera, cholinga chake chofunika kwambiri ndikuteteza zodzoladzola ku zoopsa zakuthupi, mankhwala, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zina. Sankhani ma CD oyenera Ubwino wa zodzoladzola ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa. Komabe, chitetezo cha zinthu zopakira zokha komanso kugwirizana kwake ndi zodzoladzola ziyeneranso kuyesedwa. Pakalipano, pali miyezo yochepa yoyesera ndi malamulo oyenerera azinthu zonyamula katundu m'munda wa zodzikongoletsera. Kuti muzindikire zinthu zapoizoni ndi zovulaza muzopakapaka zodzikongoletsera, chofotokozera chachikulu ndikutsata malamulo okhudzana ndi chakudya ndi mankhwala. Pamaziko a kufotokoza mwachidule zamagulu azinthu zopangira zodzoladzola zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pepalali limasanthula zinthu zomwe sizingadziteteze kuzinthu zonyamula, komanso kuyesa kufananiza kwa zida zonyamula zikakumana ndi zodzoladzola, zomwe zimapereka chiwongolero chosankha ndi chitetezo. kuyesa kwa zodzikongoletsera zopangira zida. onetsani ku. Pakalipano, m'munda wa zodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera ndi kuyesa kwawo, zitsulo zina zolemera ndi zowonjezera poizoni ndi zovulaza zimayesedwa makamaka. Pakuyesa kuyanjana kwa zida zonyamula ndi zodzoladzola, kusamuka kwa zinthu zapoizoni ndi zovulaza zomwe zili muzodzoladzola kumaganiziridwa makamaka.

1. Mitundu ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popakira zodzoladzola

Pakalipano, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula zodzoladzola zimaphatikizapo galasi, pulasitiki, zitsulo, ceramic ndi zina zotero. Kusankhidwa kwa zodzikongoletsera kumatsimikizira msika wake ndi kalasi pamlingo wina wake. Zida zopangira magalasi akadali chisankho chabwino kwambiri pazodzikongoletsera zapamwamba chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino. Zipangizo zopangira pulasitiki zachulukitsa gawo lawo pamsika wazinthu zopangira ma phukusi chaka ndi chaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo olimba komanso olimba. Kuwotcha mpweya kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popopera. Monga mtundu watsopano wazinthu zopangira ma CD, zida za ceramic zikulowa pang'onopang'ono pamsika wazinthu zodzikongoletsera chifukwa chachitetezo chawo chachikulu komanso zokongoletsa.

1.1Magalasis

Zida zamagalasi zili m'gulu la amorphous inorganic non-metallic materials, zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri za mankhwala, zimakhala zosavuta kuti zigwirizane ndi zodzoladzola, komanso zimakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ali ndi zotchinga zapamwamba ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kulowa. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zambiri zamagalasi zimawonekera komanso zowoneka bwino, ndipo zimakhala zokhazikika m'munda wa zodzoladzola zapamwamba ndi zonunkhira. Mitundu ya magalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka zodzikongoletsera ndi galasi la soda laimu silicate ndi galasi la borosilicate. Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe ndi mapangidwe amtundu uwu wazinthu zolongedza ndizosavuta. Kuti likhale lokongola, zida zina zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuti ziwonekere mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga kuwonjezera Cr2O3 ndi Fe2O3 kuti galasi liwonekere lobiriwira la emarodi, kuwonjezera Cu2O kuti likhale lofiira, ndikuwonjezera CdO kuti iwoneke yobiriwira ya emarodi. . Kuwala chikasu, etc. Poona zikuchokera ndi yosavuta zikuchokera galasi ma CD zipangizo ndipo palibe zina monyanyira, kokha heavy metal kuzindikira nthawi zambiri ikuchitika kudziwika zinthu zoipa mu galasi ma CD zipangizo. Komabe, palibe miyezo yoyenera yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti izindikire zitsulo zolemera muzonyamula zamagalasi zodzoladzola, koma lead, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, ndi zina zotere ndizochepa pamiyezo ya zida zamagalasi zamagalasi, zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso pakuzindikira. za zida zopangira zodzikongoletsera. Nthawi zambiri, zida zopangira magalasi ndizotetezeka, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakhalanso ndi zovuta zina, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri popanga komanso kukwera mtengo kwamayendedwe. Kuonjezera apo, kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira magalasi okha, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kutentha kochepa. Zodzoladzolazo zikasamutsidwa kuchokera kumalo otentha kwambiri kupita kumalo otentha kwambiri, zopangira magalasi zimakhala zosavuta kuphulika ndi mavuto ena.

1.2Pulasitiki

Monga chinthu china chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zodzikongoletsera, pulasitiki ili ndi mawonekedwe a kukana kwamankhwala, kulemera kopepuka, kulimba komanso kukongoletsa kosavuta. Poyerekeza ndi zida zopangira magalasi, kapangidwe kazinthu zopangira pulasitiki ndizosiyanasiyana, ndipo masitayilo osiyanasiyana amatha kupangidwa molingana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito. Mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zodzikongoletsera pamsika makamaka amaphatikiza polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), styrene-acrylonitrile polima (AS), polyparaphenylene Ethylene glycol dicarboxylate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (acrylic), acrylic , acrylonitrile-butadiene[1]styrene terpolymer (ABS), etc., amene PE, PP, PET, AS, PETG akhoza kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi zili zodzikongoletsera. Akriliki omwe amadziwika kuti plexiglass ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe okongola, koma sangathe kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi zomwe zili mkati. Imafunika kukhala ndi liner kuti itseke, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti zomwe zili mkati zisalowe pakati pa liner ndi botolo la acrylic pamene mukudzaza. Kusweka kumachitika. ABS ndi pulasitiki yauinjiniya ndipo silingalumikizane mwachindunji ndi zodzoladzola.

Ngakhale kuti zipangizo zopangira pulasitiki zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo pulasitiki ndi kukhazikika kwa pulasitiki panthawi yokonza, zowonjezera zina zomwe sizili ochezeka kwa thanzi laumunthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga plasticizers, antioxidants, stabilizers, etc. Ngakhale pali malingaliro ena. pofuna chitetezo cha zodzikongoletsera pulasitiki ma CD zipangizo kunyumba ndi kunja, njira zowunikira ndi njira sizinafotokozedwe momveka bwino. Malamulo a European Union ndi United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) samakhudzanso kuyang'anira zinthu zodzikongoletsera. muyezo. Choncho, kuti tipeze zinthu zapoizoni ndi zovulaza muzokongoletsera zodzikongoletsera, tingaphunzire kuchokera ku malamulo oyenerera pazakudya ndi mankhwala. Mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri a phthalate amatha kusamukira ku zodzoladzola zokhala ndi mafuta ambiri kapena zosungunulira zambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi chiwopsezo cha chiwindi, kawopsedwe a impso, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity ndi kawopsedwe ka uchembere. dziko langa lafotokoza momveka bwino kusamuka kwa mapulasitiki otere m'munda wa chakudya. Malinga ndi GB30604.30-2016 "Kutsimikizika kwa Phthalates mu Zipangizo Zolumikizirana ndi Chakudya ndi Zogulitsa ndi Kutsimikiza Kwakusamuka" Kusamuka kwa diallyl formate kuyenera kukhala kotsika kuposa 0.01mg/kg, ndipo kusamuka kwa mapulasitiki ena a phthalic acid kuyenera kukhala kotsika kuposa 0.1mg. /kg. Butylated hydroxyanisole ndi gulu la 2B carcinogen lolengezedwa ndi World Health Organisation's International Agency for Research on Cancer ngati antioxidant pakukonza mapulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. World Health Organisation yalengeza kuti malire ake amadya tsiku lililonse ndi 500μg/kg. dziko langa likunena mu GB31604.30-2016 kuti kusamuka kwa tert-butyl hydroxyanisole mu mapulasitiki apulasitiki kuyenera kukhala osachepera 30mg/kg. Kuphatikiza apo, EU ilinso ndi zofunikira zofananira za kusamuka kwa benzophenone (BP), yomwe iyenera kukhala yotsika kuposa 0.6 mg/kg, ndi kusamuka kwa hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidants kuyenera kukhala kotsika kuposa 3 mg/kg. Kuphatikiza pazowonjezera zomwe tatchulazi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zopangira pulasitiki zomwe zingayambitse ngozi zikakumana ndi zodzoladzola, ma monomers ena otsalira, oligomers ndi zosungunulira zingayambitsenso zoopsa, monga terephthalic acid, styrene, chlorine Ethylene. , epoxy resin, terephthalate oligomer, acetone, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ndi zina zotero. EU ikunena kuti kusamuka kwakukulu kwa terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid ndi zotumphukira zake zizikhala 5~7.5mg/kg, ndipo dziko langa lakhalanso anapanga malamulo omwewo. Kwa zosungunulira zotsalira, boma lafotokoza momveka bwino za zinthu zopangira mankhwala, ndiye kuti, kuchuluka kwa zotsalira za zosungunulira zisapitirire 5.0mg/m2, ndipo zosungunulira za benzene kapena benzene sizipezeka.

1.3 Chitsulo

Pakalipano, zipangizo zazitsulo zopangira zitsulo zimakhala makamaka aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo, ndipo pali zotengera zachitsulo zocheperako. Zida zonyamula zitsulo zimakhala pafupifupi gawo lonse la zodzoladzola zopopera chifukwa cha zabwino zosindikizira bwino, zotchinga zabwino, kukana kutentha kwambiri, kukonzanso kosavuta, kukakamiza, komanso kuthekera kowonjezera zowonjezera. Kuwonjezera kwa chilimbikitso kungapangitse zodzoladzola zopopera kuti zikhale ndi atomized, kusintha mphamvu ya mayamwidwe, ndikukhala ndi kumverera kozizira, kupatsa anthu kumverera kwabwino komanso kutsitsimula khungu, zomwe sizimapindula ndi zipangizo zina zopangira. Poyerekeza ndi zida zoyikapo za pulasitiki, zida zopangira zitsulo zimakhala ndi zoopsa zochepa zachitetezo ndipo ndizotetezeka, koma pangakhalenso kuwonongeka kwachitsulo koyipa ndikuwononga zodzoladzola ndi zitsulo.

1.4 Ceramic

Ma Ceramics adabadwa ndikupangidwa m'dziko langa, ndi otchuka kutsidya lina, ndipo ali ndi mtengo wokongola kwambiri. Monga galasi, iwo ndi a inorganic sanali zitsulo zipangizo. Amakhala ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala abwino, amalimbana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala, ndipo amakhala ndi kuuma kwabwino komanso kuuma. Kukana kutentha, osati kosavuta kuthyola mu kuzizira kwambiri ndi kutentha, ndi chinthu chotheka kwambiri chopangira zodzikongoletsera. Zida zoyikapo za ceramic zokha ndizotetezeka kwambiri, koma palinso zinthu zina zosatetezeka, monga lead zitha kuyambitsidwa panthawi ya sintering kuti muchepetse kutentha kwa sintering, ndipo utoto wachitsulo womwe umakana kutentha kwambiri ukhoza kuyambitsidwa kuti upangitse kukongola. a ceramic glaze, monga cadmium sulfide, lead oxide, chromium oxide, manganese nitrate, etc. Pazifukwa zina, zitsulo zolemera mu inkiyi zimatha kusamukira kuzinthu zodzikongoletsera, kotero kudziwika kwa kusungunuka kwachitsulo cholemera muzoyika za ceramic sikungathe. kunyalanyazidwa.

2. Kuyesa kwazinthu zonyamula katundu

Kugwirizana kumatanthawuza kuti "kuyanjana kwa makina opangira zinthu ndi zomwe zili mkati sikukwanira kuchititsa kusintha kosavomerezeka kwa zomwe zili mkati kapena phukusi". Kuyesa kogwirizana ndi njira yabwino yowonetsetsa kuti zodzoladzola zili zabwino komanso zotetezeka. Sizokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha ogula, komanso mbiri ndi chitukuko cha kampani. Monga njira yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa zodzoladzola, ziyenera kufufuzidwa mosamalitsa. Ngakhale kuyesa sikungapewe zovuta zonse zachitetezo, kulephera kuyesa kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachitetezo. Kuyesa kwazinthu zonyamula katundu sikungasiyidwe pakufufuza ndi chitukuko cha zodzikongoletsera. Kuyesa kufananiza kwa zida zopangira ma CD kumatha kugawidwa m'njira ziwiri: kuyesa kufananiza kwa zida zonyamula ndi zomwe zili mkati, komanso kukonzanso kwachiwiri kwa zida zonyamula ndikuyesa kuyanjana kwazomwe zili mkati.

2.1Kuyesa kogwirizana kwa zida zonyamula ndi zomwe zili

Kuyesa kufananiza kwa zida zonyamula ndi zomwe zili mkati makamaka kumaphatikizapo kuyanjana kwathupi, kuyanjana kwamankhwala komanso kuyanjana kwachilengedwe. Pakati pawo, kuyesedwa kwa thupi kumakhala kosavuta. Imafufuza makamaka ngati zomwe zili mkati ndi zomangira zofananira zidzasintha pakasungidwa kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kochepa komanso kutentha kwabwinobwino, monga kutsatsa, kulowetsa, mpweya, ming'alu ndi zochitika zina zachilendo. Ngakhale zida zoyikamo monga zoumba ndi mapulasitiki nthawi zambiri zimakhala zololera komanso zokhazikika, pali zochitika zambiri monga kutsatsa ndi kulowa. Choncho, m'pofunika kufufuza ngakhale thupi la ma CD zipangizo ndi zili. Kugwirizana kwa Chemical makamaka kumawunika ngati zomwe zili mkati ndi zoyikapo zofananira zidzasintha kusintha kwamankhwala zikasungidwa kutentha kwambiri, kutentha kochepa komanso kutentha kwabwinobwino, monga ngati zomwe zilimo zili ndi zochitika zachilendo monga kusinthika, kununkhira, kusintha kwa pH, ndi delamination. Pakuyesa kwa biocompatibility, makamaka kusamuka kwa zinthu zovulaza m'mapaketi kupita ku zomwe zili. Kuchokera pakuwunika kwamakina, kusamuka kwa zinthu zapoizoni ndi zovulaza izi ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ndende ya ndende kumbali imodzi, ndiko kuti, pali chigawo chachikulu cholumikizirana pakati pa zinthu zonyamula ndi zodzikongoletsera; Imalumikizana ndi zinthu zoyikapo, ndipo ngakhale kulowa m'mapaketi ndikupangitsa kuti zinthu zovulaza zisungunuke. Chifukwa chake, pakulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali pakati pa zida zonyamula ndi zodzoladzola, zinthu zapoizoni komanso zovulaza muzonyamula zimatha kusamuka. Pakuwongolera zitsulo zolemera muzonyamula, GB9685-2016 Zipangizo Zolumikizana Zazakudya ndi Miyezo Yowonjezera Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zogulitsa zimatchula zitsulo zolemera (1mg/kg), antimoni (0.05mg/kg), zinc (20mg/kg) ndi arsenic ( 1mg/kg). kg), kuzindikirika kwa zida zopangira zodzikongoletsera kungatanthauze malamulo omwe ali m'munda wazakudya. Kuzindikira kwa zitsulo zolemera nthawi zambiri kumatengera mawonekedwe a atomiki a mayamwidwe, ma plasma mass spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zambiri ma plasticizer awa, ma antioxidants ndi zina zowonjezera zimakhala zotsika kwambiri, ndipo kuzindikira kumafunika kufika pamlingo wochepa kwambiri (µg/L kapena mg/L). Pitirizani ndi etc. Komabe, si zinthu zonse leaching angakhudze kwambiri zodzoladzola. Malingana ngati kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa leaching kumagwirizana ndi malamulo adziko lonse komanso miyezo yoyenera yoyezetsa ndipo ndizopanda vuto kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, zinthu za leaching izi ndizogwirizana.

2.2 Kukonzekera kwachiwiri kwa zida zonyamula katundu ndi kuyezetsa kogwirizana

Mayeso ngakhale a processing yachiwiri ya ma CD zipangizo ndi zomwe zili mkati zambiri amatanthauza ngakhale mtundu ndi kusindikiza ndondomeko ma CD zipangizo ndi zili. Njira yopaka utoto wazinthu zopangira ma CD makamaka imaphatikizapo aluminium anodized, electroplating, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kujambula golide ndi siliva, okosijeni yachiwiri, mtundu wa jekeseni, etc. Njira yosindikizira yazinthu zopangira ma CD imaphatikizapo kusindikiza kwa silika, kupondaponda kotentha, kusindikiza kwamadzi, kusamutsa matenthedwe. kusindikiza, kusindikiza kusindikiza, etc. Mtundu uwu wa mayeso ngakhale umatanthawuza kupaka zomwe zili pamwamba pa ma CD, ndikuyika chitsanzo pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu, kutentha kochepa komanso kutentha kwabwino kwa nthawi yaitali kapena nthawi yochepa. zoyesera. Zizindikiro zoyesera ndizo makamaka ngati mawonekedwe a ma CD amasweka, opunduka, amazimiririka, etc. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa padzakhala zinthu zina zovulaza thanzi la munthu mu inki, inki kuzinthu zamkati zamkati mwazinthu zopangira mkati yachiwiri processing. Kusamuka kwa zinthuzo kuyeneranso kufufuzidwa.

3. Chidule ndi Outlook

Pepalali limapereka chithandizo pakusankha zida zoyikamo pofotokoza mwachidule zida zopaka zodzikongoletsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso zinthu zomwe zingakhale zosatetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, imaperekanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zonyamula katundu pofotokoza mwachidule kuyezetsa kufana kwa zodzoladzola ndi zida zonyamula. Komabe, pakali pano pali malamulo ochepa ofunikira opangira zodzikongoletsera, koma "Cosmetic Safety Technical Specifications" (kope la 2015) lokha lomwe likunena kuti "zopakapaka zomwe zimalumikizana mwachindunji ndi zodzoladzola zidzakhala zotetezeka, sizikhala ndi zotsatira za mankhwala ndi zodzoladzola, ndipo ziyenera kukhala zotetezeka. osasamuka kapena kumasulidwa kupita ku thupi la munthu. Zinthu zowopsa komanso zapoizoni." Komabe, kaya ndikupeza zinthu zovulaza muzopaka zokha kapena kuyesa kufananiza, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha zodzoladzola. Komabe, pofuna kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha zodzoladzola ma CD, kuwonjezera pa kufunika kulimbikitsa kuyang'aniridwa ndi madipatimenti oyenera dziko, makampani zodzoladzola ayenera kupanga mfundo zofanana kuti ayese izo, ma CD opanga zinthu ayenera kulamulira mosamalitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera poizoni ndi zovulaza mu njira yopangira zida zonyamula. Akukhulupirira kuti pofufuza mosalekeza pa zodzikongoletsera zopangira zida ndi boma ndi madipatimenti oyenerera, kuchuluka kwa kuyezetsa chitetezo ndi kuyezetsa kufananiza kwa zinthu zodzikongoletsera kudzapitilirabe, ndipo chitetezo cha ogula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zodzoladzola chidzatsimikizika.